Contract-Year Phenomenon in Soccer: Analyzing Liverpool's Success Amid Expiring Deals

The Contract-Year Debate Comes to European Football

When Trent Alexander-Arnold's potential free transfer to Real Madrid surfaced last week, it highlighted a growing trend: elite players entering final contract years at peak performance. Liverpool's trio—Alexander-Arnold, Mohamed Salah, and Virgil van Dijk—have propelled the Reds to a 99% Premier League title probability despite their expiring deals. This mirrors the well-documented "contract-year phenomenon" in American sports, but does the evidence support its existence in soccer?

Comparative Analysis Across Sports

Baseball's Proven Trend
A 2014 study in the Baseball Research Journal found hitters improve OPS by 6.7% in contract years after accounting for retirement bias. As Sparky Anderson famously quipped: "Give me 25 guys on the last year of their contract; I'll win a pennant every year."

NBA's Offensive Spike
Basketball players show measurable offensive improvements (e.g., PPG, PER) before free agency. However, NFL/NHL studies reveal no consistent effect—likely due to non-guaranteed contracts (NFL) or hard salary caps (NHL).

Soccer's Statistical Gray Area

Conflicting Research

Pro-Effect: A 2011 study in International Journal of Sport Finance found higher Kicker! ratings for players in contract years.
Anti-Effect: A 2019 PLOS One paper controlling for position/role found no correlation.

Liverpool's Case Study

Mohamed Salah: Age-32 season with 28 G/A in 28 PL matches—his best output since 2017-18.
Virgil van Dijk: Regained 90+ percentile defensive stats (aerial duels won, progressive passes) after 2022 slump.
Trent Alexander-Arnold: Maintained elite creativity (3.5 key passes/90) despite tactical shifts.

Structural Barriers in Soccer

Small Sample Size: Few top players reach free agency (e.g., Mbappé, Alaba exceptions).
Tactical Noise: Harder to isolate individual impact vs. baseball/NBA.
Market Incentives: Clubs prioritize selling players before final years to retain transfer fees. PSG's Mbappé benching epitomizes the stigma.

Data Science Perspective

Twenty First Group's analysis of Big Five league attackers (2013-2023) found no significant goal-scoring boost in contract years. Notable outliers like Benzema (2021-22) and Rashford (2022-23) peaked with two years remaining—suggesting renegotiation timing may matter more than expiry dates.

Conclusion

While Liverpool's stars are thriving, broader evidence for a soccer-specific contract-year effect remains weak. Financial incentives exist, but unlike MLB/NBA, structural factors dilute their impact. As Aurel Nazmiu notes: "The data aligns with no systematic performance bump—but narrative bias makes us remember the exceptions."